Sensation, perception

JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and that porportion is constant over most range

Effects of nonsensory factors, like experiences motives and expectations, on perception of stimuli

Gathers and filters incoming light

Divides front of eye into anterior and posterior chambers. Contains dilator and constrictor pupillae, open and close pupil

Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held by suspensory ligaments connected to ciliary muscle

Produced by ciliary body, drains through canal of Schlemm

Mostly contains cones, especially in fovea at the center

Rods and cones synapse on these, which synapse on ganlglion cells

White, structural part of eye

Bulk of eye on the inside

Eye, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, LGN of thalamus, visual radiations, visual cortex

Top four layers of retina-geniculate-striate pathway 80% of its retinal ganglion cells Detect shape, High spatial, low temporal resolution

20% of retinal ganglion cells Receives input from rods mostly, Low spatial, high temporal resolution

MIddle ear Malleus, incus, stapes footplate of stapes rests on oval window. Connected to nasal cavity via Eustachian tube

Inner ear. Contains membranous labrynth. Filled with perilymph

Contains endolymph, and consists of cochlea, utricle and saccule and semicircular canals

Detect linear acceleration Utricle: horizontal Saccule: vertical

Detect rotational acceleration (head)

Proprioception. Ability to tell where your 3d location is

Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, symmetric as possible

Brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

Sensorimotor: manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions (object permanence), preoperational: symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration, concrete operational: understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects, formal operational: abstract thought, problem-solving

Tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions