Organic Chemistry
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Characteristics of Alcohols
R-OH • functional group is -OH • H-bonding results in both elevated boiling point and better solubility. • Weakly acidic
R(=O)H
Aldehyde
R(=O)R
Ketone
R-O-R
Ether
(CH3)3 - C
t-butyl
(CH3)3-CH2-C
neopentyl
(CH3)2-CH
isopropyl
R(=O)-OH
Carboxylic Acid
R(=O)-OR
Ester
R(=O)-X
Acyl Halide
R(=O)-NH2
Amide
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)
sec-butyl
RC(triple bond)N
cyanide/nitrile
CH2-CH(CH3)2
isobutyl
Alkanes
Cn H2n+2 Fully saturated hydrocarbons consisting of hydrogen/carbon joined by single bonds. C1-C4: gases, C5-C15: liquids, longer: waxes and harder solids. increase in chain length = increase in bp, mp, and density. increase in branching = decrease in all three above.
Alkenes
Cn H2n (double bond) olefins”
Alkynes
Cn H2n-2 (triple bond) Physical properties are similar to alkenes and alkanes. Shorter = gases, boiling at high T than alkenes.
Nomenclature
• Multiple bonds should be on backbone. • -OH is high priority (placed above multiple bond) • Haloalkanes, ethers, and ketones are often given common names (e.g. methyl chloride, diethyl ketone) • Aldehydes/carboxylic acids are terminal functional groups • Specify isomer, if relevant (such as cis/trans, R or S, etc).
Isomers
Chemical compounds that have same molecular formula, but differ in structure. May be extremely similar or extremely different.
Structural Isomers
Share only their molecular formula, but their atomic connectivity is different. Therefore, they may have very different chemical and physical properties.
Stereoisomers
Have same atomic connections, but the atoms are arranged differently in space. Examples: Geometric isomers, Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Meso Compounds, and Conformational.
Chirality
Carbon atoms have four different substituents.
Geometric Isomers
Differ in position of substituents attached to a double bond. Cis (Z) - Substituents on same side (based on high atomic number) Trans (E) - Substituents are on opposite sides.
Enantiomers
Chiral objects that are non-superimposable mirror images. Specific type of stereoisomers.