Neuroscience 2 - Methods
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Why do studies use nonhumans subjects?
Simpler brains make it more likely that brain-behavior interactions will be revealed Comparative approach - gain insight by making comparisons with other species Different ethical restrictions than with humans
Why do studies use human subjects?
They can follow instructions They can report their introspections They are cheaper
What is comparative neurobiology?
A field that studies the nervous system across different animal species to understand the evolution, diversity, and function of neural structures and behaviors. There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence
What are the permanent lesion techniques?
Aspiration Radio frequency Electrolytic Knife cuts Neurotoxin
What are aspiration lesions?
Brain is soft, so vacuum pressure to take out brain This method is good for knowing brain region, and good to model human damage like a stroke A crude approach
What is the knife cut method?
Stick a knife in the brain and cut part of the brain Used in split brain patients
What is the neurotoxin-induced lesions method?
More targeted about a specific structure or location Inject chemical
What are reversible lesion techniques?
Cryogenic blockade Electrical stimulation Intracranial lidocaine Intracranial pharmacological agents
What are the challenges of lesions?
Rare and heterogeneous population No experimental control
What is temporal resolution?
The ability of a system to capture or measure events in time, essentially how accurately it can distinguish events that happen in close succession
What is spatial resolution?
The ability of an imaging system to detect and display fine details of an object, or the size of the smallest object that can be seen
What is there to consider about lesions?
No temporal resolution Excellent spatial resolution
What are the simulation techniques?
Direct stimulation Optogenetics & DREADDs
What is a direct stimulation technique?
Place an electrode in the brain region to stimulate Record from the brain region
What are genetic manipulations?
Gene knockout techniques Gene replacement techniques: optogenetics DREADDs Brainbow
What are DREADDs?
Works with ligands and GPCR Like neurotransmitter in the body but with drug only on the designed protein
What is Brainbow?
Genetically modify neurons to express different fluorescent proteins in order to examine their connections
What are correlational methods?
Electrophysiology EEG/ERP MEG PET fMRI
What do we take into consideration with evaluating neuroimaging methods?
Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Invasiveness Cost Participant compatibility
What is single-unit electrophysiology recording?
Precise, record one neuron
How is single-unit recording in humans?
Collect electrophysiology data to guide epilepsy treatment Seizure focus is typically in the temporal lobe Chronically implanted electrodes in hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus
What is there to consider about electrophysiology?
Temporal resolution: Excellent Spatial resolution: excellent
What is a challenge of single cell recording?
Very invasive
What is an EEG?
Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp Measures post-synaptic activity from many neurons