W6 - Dietary Assessments

Total energy (Calorie) intake Macro +/or micronutrient intakes Consumption of ind. foods or food groups Dietary patterns Dietary behaviour i.e timing of food consumption

Dietary recall Food Record FFQ Biomarkers

Can be easily applied to diverse groups w/ a wide range of eating habits.

Provides detailed info of food consumption over a specific period of time.

In-depth interview OR Open-ended questionnaire.

For them to be trained + knowledgeable on how they ask the Qs to ensure they’re not effecting the answer.

Minimal subject burden - i.e easy for subject to do.

Info depends on subjects memory Risk of recall bias Time consuming Expensive to analyse + interpret

Min reliance on subjects memory if food is recorded at time of consumption. Provides weighed portion - no reliance on estimation. Detailed descriptions of foods consumed + all occasions are provided.

Subjects must be trained in order to provide accurate data. Ind. must be numerate + literate. Weighing + recording food eaten away from home can be difficult. Ind. may alter diet to make it easier to record or conceal poor diet.

Focused on ST intake - not useful for investigation of chronic diseases. To measure an avg intake, need multiple 24hrs. Req a lot of time Repetition can influence their diet: • Intentionally to avoid a burden i.e more basic meals so less ingredients to record. • May chose to not report an intake.

Any biological specimen that is an indicator of nutritional status w/ respect to intake or metabolism of dietary constituents.

Objective info on dietary intake - thus overcoming many limitations of self-reported dietary intake.

Biomarkers of dietary exposure Biomarkers of nutritional status

Assess dietary intake of different nutrients, foods, food groups or diet patterns.

Assesses intake + metabolism of. nutrients + pot effects from disease processes.

Recovery biomarkers Concentration biomarkers Predictive biomarkers Replacement biomarkers

Based on the metabolic balance between intake + excretion during a fixed period of time.

To assess absolute intake i.e urinary nitrogen + urinary potassium

Based on the conc of the marker + used for ranking of intake. NOT used to determine absolute intake as they’re related to metabolism, personal characteristics + lifestyle factors. i.e plasma vitamin c

For biomarkers with incomplete recovery but a stable + time-dependent high correlation w/ intake.

Dietary intake i.e urinary sucrose + fructose.

Serve as a proxy for intake. When it’s not possible to capture due to info in nutrient databases is unsatisfactory or unavailable. i.e Sodium

Not necessarily