The Periodic Table
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What are metals?
Elements that consist of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons
Where are metals found on the periodic table?
Mainly on the left and centre
What are the physical properties of metals?
High mp and bp-Metals have strong metallic bonds that require lots of energy to break, good electrical conductors-Delocalised electrons move freely, good thermal conductors-Electrons transfer energy quickly, malleable-layers of ions slide over each other without breaking bonds, ductile-layers of ions slide over each other without breaking bonds, shiny-electrons reflect light, high density-ions are closely packed
What are the chemical properties of metals?
They form positive ions as they lose electrons easily, react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salt and hydrogen, react with water or steam
What does malleable mean?
Material’s ability to be hammered or pressed into different shapes without breaking
What does ductile mean?
A material’s ability to be drawn out into a wire without snapping
Where are non-metals found on the periodic table?
On the right side
What is the common structure for non-metals?
Simple molecular or giant covalent
What are the physical properties of non-metals?
Low mp and bp as they have weak intermolecular forces, poor electrical conductors-no delocalised electrons, brittle when solid-no layers that can slide, dull appearance-no free electrons to reflect light
What are the chemical properties of non-metals?
Form negative ions or share electrons, react with oxygen to form acidic oxides, often react with metals to form ionic compounds
What are the differences between metals and non-metals?
Bonding type-Metals bond via metallic bonding with delocalised electrons and non-metals bond via covalent bonding, electrical conductivity-metals conduct as electrons are free to move and non-metals don’t conduct because electrons are fixed in bonds, structure-metals have a giant metallic lattice and non-metals are either simple molecules or giant covalent, ion formation-metals lose electrons and form positive ions and non-metals gain or share to form negative ions or covalent bonds
How is the periodic table arranged?
In order of increasing atomic number
What is a period in the periodic table?
A horizontal row
What does a period in the periodic table tell you?
How many electron shells an atom has e.g. all the elements in Period 3 have 3 shells
What does a group in the periodic table tell you?
How many electrons are in the outer shell e.g. the Group 1 elements have 1 outer electron
How did Mendeleev arrange his periodic table?
In order of increasing atomic mass as the atomic number hadn’t yet been discovered, and by grouping elements with similar properties into columns
Why did Mendeleev’s mass rule not apply in every scenario?
Not every element was with ones that had similar properties
Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his periodic table?
Because he believed that some elements had not yet been discovered. He left spaces so that elements with similar properties stayed in the same group.
What did Henry Moseley discover?
In 1913, he discovered that each element has an unique atomic number, showing that atomic number determines an element’s identity and not its atomic mass
What does arranging elements by atomic number automatically do?
Groups them with elements that have similar properties, as the atomic number determines the number of electrons and therefore electron configuration, group number and chemical properties
How is the symbol of an element written?
The first letter is a capital, and the second letter (if present) is lowercase
What is a diatomic element?
Element that naturally exists as a molecule made of 2 atoms joined together
Can diatomic elements be metals and non-metals?
No, all diatomic elements are non-metals
What are the 7 diatomic elements?
Br2 (Bromine), I2 (Iodine), N2 (Nitrogen), Cl2 (Chlorine), H2 (Hydrogen), O2 (Oxygen), F2 (Fluorine)