6.1 Introduction to organic chemistry
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What is a hydrocarbon?
a compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is a saturated compound?
Only contains single bonds
What is an unsaturated compound?
contains one or more multiple bonds
What is a displayed formulae?
they show every atom and every bond separately
What is a structural formula?
when you group all atoms joined to a particular carbon atom together eg. CH3CH2CH3
What is a skeletal formula?
a zig-zag line that shows the bonds between carbon atoms, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen need to be shown
What is a molecular formula?
show the number of each atom in a molecule
What is the functional group?
an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions
What is a homologous series?
a family of compounds with the same functional group which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member
What is the general formula of an alkane?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula of an alkene?
CnH2n
What is the general formula of a halogenoalkane?
CnH2n+1X
What is the general formula of an alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH
What’s the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
CnH2n+1COOH
What chemical property do alkanes all share?
when burned completely in air they form carbon dioxide and water
How does the boiling temperatures of the alcohols change as they increase in length?
increases
What is a locant?
a number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group is attached to
What are structural isomers?
compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae
What is chain isomerism?
refers to molecules with different carbon chains, for example butane and methylpropane
What is position isomerism?
Refers to molecules with the same functional group attached to different positions on the same carbon chains, for example propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
What is stereoisomerism?
stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula but with the atoms or groups arranged differently in three dimensions
What is cis-trans isomerism?
-cis isomerism is when the two alkyl groups are both either above the double bond or below the double bond on either side -trans is when the two alkyl groups are further apart and are across the molecule -this type of isomerism can only occur in alkenes and not alkanes as there needs to be a double bond which means there is restricted rotation -these two compounds are known as geometric isomers
Is methylpropene a stereoisomer?
No because both methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond.
Why is E-Z notation sometimes used instead of cis-trans notation?
-cis-trans notation does not work when there are different groups involved for example halogens -E-Z notation prioritizes atoms with higher atomic number -if the molecule is the equivalent of trans it is an E-isomer and for cis it is a Z-isomer