module 4 - producing new cells
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what is mitosis?
it is the process of a diploid cell dividing, and is controlled by the nucleus
what is a chromatid?
one of the 2 complete copies of a chromosome attached to each other during mitosis
what is a stem cell?
-unspecialised cells in animals which can divide in order to self-renew. -they have the potential to become different types of cell. -they are involved in growth and repair
what is a system?
a group of organs which work together
what does the specialisation of cells lead to?
it leads to the formation of a variety of cells, tissues, and organs
what is a diploid?
it is two sets of matching chromosomes in one cell
what is a heirarchy?
it is the order of the different levels of complexity from cells to systems
what is a chromosome complement?
it is the number of chromosomes typical of a particular species
how many chromosomes are there in the human body?
46 and these are arranged into 23 pairs
what do all body cells contain?
they all contain 2 sets of matching chromosomes- one set from the mother and one set from the father.
why are certain cells called diploids?
because they have 2 sets of matching chromosomes
what is the number of chromosomes a diploid cell contains called?
its diploid chromosome complement, each species will have its own chromosome complement
what is the chromosome complement of a human cell?
46
what is a chromosome made of?
two chromatids joined at the centromere
what does DNA replication make?
it makes a copy of each chromosome before mitosis and cell division
what is it called when 2 chromatids join together?
A chromosome
what is the combination of 2 joined chromatids called?
it is still called one chromosome
why do cells need to divide?
-when unicellular organisms divide, they form a complete copy of themselves -multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells for growth, and repair of damaged tissues and replacement of dead and damaged cells
what happens during mitosis?
two identical daughter cells are produced which contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
why is what happens during mitosis important?
so that they maintain the diploid chromosome complement and so that the cell can carry out the same functions as the parent cell
what is stage 2 of mitosis?
chromosomes make copies of themselves and become visible as pairs of identical chromatids
what is stage 3 of mitosis?
chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
what is stage 4 of mitosis?
spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and chromatids are pulled apart
what is stage 5 of mitosis?
chromatids move to opposite poles