Monoclonal Antibodies
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Antibodies are made from
protein
Antibodies general shape
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How do antibodies destroy pathogens
Antibodies have two binding sites which mean they can bind to two antigens on two different pathogens They clump pathogens together (Agglutination) Phagocytes locate grouped pathogens and hydrolyse them in one go
Antigen variability
Sometimes antigen can mutate (Antigen variability) So no longer complementary to memory b cell and has to undergo primary response again = slower
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies with same tertiary structure produced from the same cloned B-cells
Two used of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnostics and therapeutics
Monoclonal antibodies therapeutics
Monoclonal antibodies can be made in a lab to be complementary to antigens on cancer cells
Monoclonal antibodies binding to cancer cells
Prevents molecule from dividing as it binds to the antigens before the dividing molecule binds to it leading the cancer cell to kill itself (apoptosis) Monoclonal antibodies can also have a drug attached to it so they can direct the drug to the cancer cell to kill the cancer cells to prevent the damage of other healthy cells
Monoclonal antibodies diagnostics
Can be used to diagnose patients with HIV or pregnancy
Ethics of monoclonal antibodies
Human trials, dangerous side effects and deliberately infecting mice