Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

is the substance of living and nonliving objects

is the mover of the substance - the ability to do work

form of energy used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another

type of energy available when we are still

type of energy available when we are exercising

Every time energy changes from one form to another, some heat is given off to the enviroment (is lost) and is unsable.

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the element’s properties

number of protons its atoms contain. unique number.

sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus

name given to an unstable atom that has either more or fewer neutrons than its typical number

two or more atoms chemically bound together

A molecule of an element is a chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same kind. In a molecule of a compound, the atoms differ.

In ionic bonds, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. In covalent bonds, the interacting atoms share one or more electron pairs.

Hydrogen bonds

this reaction occurs when fats are digested in the small intestine

shown by double reaction arrows

the high heat capacity of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature

Acids are proton donors

a pH of 11 is basic. 7 is pH midpoint. solutions with a pH lower than 7 are acidic

are proton acceptors

all chemical reactions in the body take place in a watery environment

salts conduct an electrical current when dissolved in water

structural units of carbohydrates