Cells
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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What are the characteristics of life that cells exhibit?
• Organization (physical and chemical) • Maintenance of Homeostasis • Self-reproduction • Growth and development • Energy Conversion • Response to stimuli • Adaptation/evolution
What is a DNA genome
The genetic information of a cell
What does the genome encode?
Proteins
What is the outcome of a protein function that gives cells physical and physiological traits?
Phenotype
What has been created from the evolution of cells?
Cell division, different types of cells have evolved, different types of organisms have evolved, and adapted to different environments, and diversity of life was created and expanded
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
Explanation of the flow of information through cells, the the DNA to the RNA to Proteins.
What could change if you change the genotype?
The phenotype
What is a prokaryote?
Single celled, do not have organelles, “before nucleus”, bacteria and archaea
What is a eukaryote?
Multicellular, have many types of organelles, “true nucleus”, includes; protists, plants, fungi and animals
Characteristics of a prokaryote
-unicellular -surrounded by a plasma membrane which encloses the cytosol
What is cytoplasm
Liquid that contains cytosol and surrounds a cells organelles
Characteristics of a eukaryote
-can be unicellular or multicellular -have a plasma membrane, cytosol, and cytoplasm -stores genetic information in the nucleus
How is DNA organized
Into chromosomes
What is the site of DNA replication and transcription
The nucleus
What are the two ways DNA divides through
Mitosis and Meiosis
Which organelles are used for energy conversion
Mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants)
What are mitochondria
-present in almost all eukaryotes -extensive internal membranes -site of cellular respiration (ATP formation)
What are chloroplasts
-occur only in plants and algae -capture sunlight and produce glucose -glucose is then used to create ATP using cellular respiration
Reductive evolution
Prokaryotes did not need to maintain mechanisms for independent living;
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
Endosymbiosis is one of the many forms of symbiotic relationships (symbioses) that occur between or among organisms. In endosymbiosis, the endosymbiont lives within the body of its host. Endosymbiosis naturally occurs to this day. An example is a biological interaction between Rhizobium and the plant legumes.
Examples of Endosymbiont hypothesis
-prokaryotic ribosomes in mt and cp -DNA within mt and cp have similar structures and sequence as prokaryotic chromosomes -binary fission -presence of prokaryotic cell wall material in cp -enzymes and reactions in mt and cp similar to those in prokaryotes
Examples of Endosymbiont hypothesis
-prokaryotic ribosomes in mt and cp -DNA within mt and cp have similar structures and sequence as prokaryotic chromosomes -binary fission -presence of prokaryotic cell wall material in cp -enzymes and reactions in mt and cp similar to those in prokaryotes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
spot for biosynthesis of many important compounds including lipids and proteins
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages molecules from the ER for transport to other sites