Chapter 4

Contains hydrophilic (water loving) heads that face the inside and outside of the cell, and hydrophobic (water fearing) tails that face each other, away from the water

Peripheral proteins which are associated with only one side of the membrane, Integral proteins which span the membrane and can protrude from one or both sides.

Lipids that are attached to carbohydrates and provide energy to the cell and aid in cell to cell communication.

Cell recognition proteins that are attached to carbohydrates and can recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens and try to block. The carbohydrates help protein maintain proper shape and solubility.

They are involved in the passage of solutes through the membrane and they may have a gate that opens in response to a signal. (Mostly for smaller molecules)

The major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins are different for each person, so organ implants are difficult to achieve.

They are shaped in a way that a specific molecule can bind to it.

It catalyzes a specific reaction, and the membrane protein adenylate cyclase is involved in ATP metabolism.

It is selectively permeable for molecules that are small in size, and have no polarity or charge.

Move of a substance on one side of the membrane. Can go down naturally from an area of higher to lower concentration or up unnaturally from an area of lower to higher concentration.

Special channels that allow water to cross the membrane and are present in the majority of cells.

Channel proteins, carrier proteins, and vesicle formation.

Energy is not required as it happens naturally, it moves down a concentration gradient, and requires a concentration gradient, and it occurs until equilibrium is reached.

Energy is not required, it moves down a concentration gradient, and requires a channel and carrier protein as well as a concentration gradient.

Energy is required, it moves up a concentration gradient, and it requires a carrier as well as energy (usually ATP). The molecules or ions combine with carrier proteins often called pumps.

Energy is required, it moves towards the outside, and requires a vesicle to fuse with the plasma membrane

Energy is requires, it moves towards the inside, and requires vesicle formation

Temperature, electrical currents, molecule size.

The diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane, 3 kinds: Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell, the cell gains water. (Turgor pressure)

Solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, there is no movement

A solution has a higher concentration than the inside of the cell, and the cell loses water. (Lyse)

For muscle and nerve cells to work, Na+ is pumped out and K+ is pumped in. Since there is already a greater K+ concentration in the cell, goes up/across gradient. ATP is needed.

Macromolecules are transported in/out of cells by vesicle formation