Paper 1- Organic Chemistry
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What is a general formula?
• algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds • e.g. CnH2n
What is an empirical formula?
simplest whole number ratio of atoms in compound -e.g. CH2
What is a molecular formula?
actual number of atoms of each element -e.g. C2H4
What is the displayed formula?
shows how atoms are arranged
What is the structural formula?
shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon -e.g. CH2CH2
What is a homologous series?
a group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula
What is a functional group?
a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts
What are the stem words for number of carbons?
meth eth prop but pent hex
What are isomers?
two or more molecules with the same molecular formulae but different structural formula
What is a hydrocarbon?
a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
Why are isomers hard to spot
• differently shaped carbon chains • functional groups in different places • different functional groups
What is crude oil?
a mixture of hydrocarbons
How are compounds in crude oil separated?
fractional distillation
What is crude oil separated in?
fractionating column
Where is the hottest part of a fractionating column?
bottom
What do longer hydrocarbons have?
high boiling points
What do shorter hydrocarbons have?
lower boiling points
What do bubble caps do?
stop separated liquid from running out down the column and remixing
What are the two types of hydrocarbons?
saturated and unsaturated
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
only contain single bonds between carbon atoms
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
Describe the process of how crude oil is sepretaed into different hydrocarbon fractions
• oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas • gases enter a fractionatin column and the liquid bit, bitumen, is drained off • in the column there is a temperature gradient • when the substances that make up crude oil reach a part of the column where the temp is lower than boiling point they condense (turn back into liquid) • longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points- so drain out of column early on (near bottom) • short hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so turn to a liquid and drain out later on (near top of column where its cooler) • bubble caps prevent the separated liquid from running back down the column and remixing
What is the order fractions from top to bottom?
• refinery gases • gasoline • kerosene • diesel • fuel oil • bitumen
What is cracking?
splitting up long chain hydrocarbons