Cellular Respiration
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What are the first and second steps of cellular respiration Include where is occurs and what it produces.
Step 1: Glycolysis – “breaking down glucose” Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic: no O2 required Produces 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acids), 2 NADH, and 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP) Step 2: Aerobic respiration Occurs in the mitochondria Aerobic: O2 needed
What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 (turns to) 6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP
Is oxygen present in anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration
Present in aerobic Not present in anaerobic
What process fuels the Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
What is the purpose of cellular respiration
To break down glucose to produce energy
Does the Krebs Cycle occur within the mitochondria? Does glycolysis? If no, where does it occur?
The Krebs Cycle is in the mitochondria Glycolysis does not occur in the mitochondria. It occurs in the cytoplasm
Describe the three stages of glycolysis
Priming: 2 ATP molecules are used to rearrange glucose to a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate Cleavage: 6-carbon sugar diphosphate is split into two molecules of 3-carbon sugar phosphates (G3P). Energy Harvesting: each of the two 3-carbon sugar phosphates is converted to pyruvate. In the process, 2 NADH and 4 ATP are formed, with a net gain of 2 ATP.
What are the reactants and products of glycolysis and what is the net gain of ATP and why
Reactants: glucose (6-carbon), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ Products: 2 pyruvate (3-carbon), 4 ATP, 2 NADH There is a net gain of two ATP because two go back into the process.
Describe the when, where, why, and how of fermentation
When: Occurs after glycolysis when there is no O2 around, and only when there is no O2 around Where: Cytoplasm Purpose (why): Regenerates NAD+ for use in glycolysis How: Depends on type of cell
Describe alcoholic respiration: Where Why Products
Where – cytoplasm of yeast and plant cells Purpose (why) – regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis Produces – CO2 and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Describe lactic acid fermentation: Where Why Products
Where – cytoplasm of muscle cells (in animal cells) Purpose – regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis Produces: lactic acid (lactate) and NAD+
Take paper from binder of glycolysis and other processes and review it
Describe the when, where, and how of aerobic respiration
Where: Mitochondria When: When O2 is present How: Krebs Cycle followed by the Electron Transport Chain
Describe the structure of a mitochondria
Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae - long narrow, folds covered with enzyme systems Matrix - space within the inner membrane
Describe the electron transport chain
Made of carrier proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane High energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 are transferred down the chain of carrier molecules. The movement of the e- causes H+ to be moved into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. As the H+ diffuse back to the inner space of the mitochondria through ATP synthase they power the production of ATP from ADP. At the end of the ETC, the e- are “grabbed” by an oxygen and 2 H to form water. Thus, oxygen is the “final electron acceptor”
Describe what is produced and released in the Krebs (citric acid cycle)
Per each glucose, 2 pyruvic acids (from glycolysis) enter the mitochondrion and: CO2 is released 2 ATP are produced NADH and FADH2 are produced (carriers of high energy electrons) which will go to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4 NAD+, 1 FAD, 1 ADP in per glucose (divide by 2 for each pyruvate) 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP out per glucose (divide by 2 for each pyruvate)
Describe Chemiosmosis
The diffusion of ions across a membrane Built up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP The majority of the ATP produced in cellular respiration is produced as a result of chemiosmosis
Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe?
Food we eat Plants Atmosphere Into processes Rain/soil Glucose
What thing allows glycolysis to occur as an anaerobic opperation
NAD+
Where in the mitochondrion does the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) take place? Where does the electron transport chain take place?
The Krebs occurs in the Matrix. The ETC occurs in the Cristae
How much ATP is produced in each of the three main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis: 2 ATP, Krebs cycle: 2 ATP, Electron Transport Chain: 36-38 ATP
How much ATP is produced directly in the Krebs cycle (per cycle)?
1 ATP is produced per cycle or per pyruvate 2 ATP are produced per two cycles or per glucose (2 pyruvates)
Why is it important for pyruvate to be converted into Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate cannot enter the Krebs cycle without first being converted to Acetyl-CoA
Name the molecule that is used in the reaction to make Acetyl-CoA
Coenenzyme A