exam
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
卡片预览 (24 张)
What structures are part of the respiratory system? The role of each?
oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, lungs, diaphragm
How does your respiratory system work as a cleaning system?
Cilia & mucus- the beating cilia move mucus w/ trapped dust, pollen, and other contaminants upward to the pharynx where it is usually swallowed
Why are smoking and vaping stupid?
Many side effects- cardiovascular disease, fertility issues, asthma, cancer, collapsed lung, lipoid pneumonia, mental health issues, and popcorn lungs
When and why does the diaphragm contract?
Diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, during inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downward which flattens it & creates a vacuum to pull air into the lungs
What is meant by external respiration? Internal respiration?
External respiration- gasses pass between the atmosphere and the blood as you breathe in and out, takes place in lungs Internal respiration- gasses pass btwn the blood and the cells of the body
What gases are exchanged by the respiratory system with the environment? How does this exchange happen?
O2 and CO2, lungs breathe in O2 and exhale CO2
What path do these gases take entering and exiting the human body? (external respiration)
entering O2- oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli exiting CO2- capillaries, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity
why are the lungs different in size
bc the heart is tilted to the left and therefore takes up more space on the left side -> left side has fewer lobes than the right (r3, l2)
how does negative pressure breathing work
Air is pulled into the lungs due to an imbalance of pressure caused by volume changing inside of the lungs In humans- occurs when the diaphragm contracts (down) or relaxes (up) causing either and increase or decrease of volume inside of the lungs
how are the heart and blood involved in respiration? hemoglobin?
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to capillaries for tissues and organs to absorb, hemoglobin is how RBC hold onto oxygen and also carries CO2 away
what does it mean that hemoglobin is a multipurpose mQ
It has multiple jobs- carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers blood
why does your breathing rate increase when you run
bc you need more O2 delivered to ur tissues so ur heart rate increases to pump blood faster
Why is it important that CO2 be bound as bicarbonate in our bloodstream?
Because high levels of CO2 in your blood would cause your blood’s pH to increase dramatically, preventing chemical rxns from occuring
cellular respiration parts
• glycolysis, 2. pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle (krebs), 3. oxidative phosphorylation
How does cellular respiration differ from the respiration carried out by an organism?
Cellular respiration harvests chemical energy from food and uses it to generate ATP while respiration provides the O2 needed in cellular respiration
Why do cells carry on cellular respiration? What is the benefit of some energy being lost as heat?
to produce ATP that is used for cellular work, heat lost helps us maintain a steady 98.6 body temp
ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?
the sun
summary eq for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)
what mQ are oxidized during cellular respiration? reduced? (from eq not carrier mQ)
Oxidized (loses e-): C6H12O6 to CO2 Reduced (gains e-) O2 to H2O
Where does each phase of cellular respiration happen?
• Glycolysis- cytosol/cytoplasm • Pyruvate oxidation- matrix • Citric acid cycle- matrix • Oxidative phosphorylation- inner mitochondrial membrane
inputs & outputs of each phase of cellular respiration?
• Glycolysis- input glucose– output 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate • Pyruvate oxidation- input 2 pyruvate– output 2 co2 2 nadh 2 acetyl CoA • Citric acid cycle- input 2 acetyl CoA 2 H2O– output 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2- completes oxidation of glucose • Oxidative phosphorylation- input NADH + FADH2– output 28 ATP and H2O
What is the purpose of phosphorylation (substrate-level and oxidative)? How is ATP formed?
To produce ATP by adding a P to ADP, is formed in either substrate-level (uses enzyme & substrate) or oxidative (uses energy from redox rxns in e- transport chain)
What is the role/significance of carrier molecules? ATP synthase?
NADH & FADH2- carry the e- needed for the next stage ATP synthase- drives H+ from high to low concentration gradient which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
What is chemiosmosis? What is its role in cellular respiration?
Uses energy of hydrogen ion (H+) down concentration gradient to drive cellular work like phosphorylation of ADP, it powers ATP synthesis in cells