Mixed Topic For Mocks
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Why does ionisation energy decrease down the group
Greater atomic radius means distance from nucleus to outer electrons increases meaning electrostatic attraction decreases so less energy required Shielding increases due to more electron shells between nucleus and outer electron. Energy required decreases
Define successive ionisation energy
The removal of more than 1 electron from the same atom
1st ionisation energy blips in period 3 (Write out electronic configuration) Explain dips from Aluminium to Magnesium and Phosphorus to sulfur
Aluminum has a lower IE than Mg as it has a 3p1 electron which is in a higher energy level and so slightly further from the nucleus so electrostatic attraction decreases[EVIDENCE FOR SUBSHELLS] Sulfur has a very slight dip as it has 3p4 while phosphorus has 3p3. This means sulfur has 2 electrons with opposite spins in 1 3p orbital leading to electron electron repulsion so less energy required SHIELDING STAYS CONSTANT
What is Ionic bonding and do they transfer or share electrons
They transfer electrons Electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositly charged ions
How will an ion have a high charge density
If it has a smaller Ionic radius and a higher charge
Covalent bond definition and do they share electrons
Electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and the positive nucleus
Explain the bonding in carbon monoxide
Has a double covalent bond and also has a coordinate bond
Why do shorter bonds have a higher bond enthalpy
They have a greater electron density so a greater attractive force this means the atoms are pulled in towards each other
How many bonding and lone pairs does the seesaw shape have Give an example
4 bond pairs 1 lone pair SF4
Name the shape with 3 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs and give an example And bond angles
Distorted T shape 87.5 CIF3
Why do straight chain hydrocarbons have a higher melting point than branched chain hydrocarbons
Branched HC means they can’t pack together so it reduces the surface area available for intermolecular reactions so london forces are weakened
Why is ice less dense than water
Ice forms a solid regular strucutre held by HBs. This means the molecules are further apart making ice less dense
What are the 3 things required for a substance to dissolve
Solvent bond must break Substance bonds must break New bonds formed between solvent and substance
Methods of disposing plastics and explain reasoning and cons of each method
Landfill(used when plastics are too difficult to recycle, not economically viable,NOT SUSTAINABLE and expensive) Remoulding plastics such as polypropene Other plastics can be cracked into monomers for organic feedstock Incineration- burning plastics to generate electricity But can release toxic fumes such as PVC eland HCL gas
Sustainable polymers what are the requirements
Reactants that are environmentally friendly Use little and low hazard solvents Use renewable raw materials Energy should be as low as possible which can be done via catalysts Reduce Waste products for toxic products
Explain biodegradable polymers and why they decompose naturally
BP decompose under certain conditions by organisms BP made from both oil fractions and renewable sources They are more expensive than non renewable However biodegradable plastics require a good supply of oxygen and moisture Crude oil not needed Plant based polymers degrade and release CO2
Define homologous series
The homologous series of a group of compounds have the same functional group and general formula
Function of catalytic converters and what is needed
Help reduce amount of unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen going into the atmosphere They convert harmful gases like CO,NOx into CO2,N2(less harmful)
Reaction of Nitrogen monoxide to Nitrogen and oxygen
2NO –> N2 plus O2
Water plus Halogenoalkane? what is formed and what is the reaction called and conditions
Reacts with water via a nucleophilic substitution reaction Heat with water Alcohol H+ X-
Why do haloalkanes become more Reactive down the group
The halide ion gets larger down the group and this leads to a weaker bond So less energy required to overcome these forces
Compare Reaction conditions of OH- reacting with haloalkane v CN- reacting with haloalkane
BOTH are Nuc sub BOTH in reflux CN- requires warm ethanolic KOH OH- requires warm aqueous NaOH
Haloalkane plus ammonia reaction and conditions
Heat with ethanolic ammonia Must have excess ammonia
How can rate of reaction be measured list the 5
Electrical conductivity Amount of mass lost Volume of gas produced using a gas syringe over time Change in pH Change in concentration via a titration