Topic 1

molecules that have the same shape as the acctual substrate -bind to active site of enzyme blocking substrate form binding -reduces the amount of Enzyme substrate complexes made and REDUCES ROR -HOWEVEE, at high substrate conc, substrate more likely to bind to enzyme rather than inhibitor so effects of inhibitor can be reduced -and rwctuon can reach its max rate

-molecules that bind away from active site of an enzyme (allocate rid site) -binding causes a change in the enzymes active site so change its tertiary structure and preventing binding of substrate. So no more ESC can be formed and reduces ROR even at high substrate conc, ESC unable to be formed as teriatyry sturuxture of enzyme has been changed so enzyme can no longer catalyse anymore reactions SO MAX RATE NEVER RACHED E

Lipids form ester bonds via condensation reactions also producing 3H20 1GLYCEROL +3FA (RCOOH) this forms triglycerides

saturated-hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between carbon UNSAT-hydrocarbon chain consists of atleast one double bond between carbons

-TRIGKYCERIDES DONT AFFECT WATER POTENTIAL OF CELL AS THEY ARE LARGW AND HYDROPHOBIC MAKING THEM INSOLUBLE IN WATER -Due to the high ratio of energy storing carbon to hydrogen bonds, compared to the n.o of carbon atoms, a lot of energy stored in molecule -lipids have a relatively low mass, therefore can be stored without inc mass and preventing movement

-contain hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads due - Phosphate -heads attracted to water and face the watery cytoplasm

-increased fluidity and permeability of membrane -bc double bonds allow carbon chain to bend pushing adjacent phospholipid away -makes the phospholipids less tightley packed, increasing gmoveltn in bilayer

-Mix sample with Ethanol and shake it -add water -MILK WHITE emulsion will appear if + test

-Bending the bonds in the substrate, puttin strain on the bonds, and making them more likely to break -bringing two molecules, overcoming the natural replusion between the two molecules, making a bond between them more likely

-the as sir complementary to substrate but not perfectly -when the substrate binds it causes a slight change in active site -this change in shape bends the bends the bonds in the substrate puttin strain on the bonds and causing them to break more easily

-temp inc kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate -they are more likely to collide and form enzyme substrate complexes -above optimum temp, hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure break, as shape changes and no longer comp to substrate

As conc inc the tor inc due to more frequent collisions and increased in esc formed -at high conc the rate levels off and there is another l.f

-deviation away from optimum temp cause changes in the ionic bonds between the R groups and some h bonds -a.s changes shape -esc….ror decreases

PH=-log,10(H+)

• small repeating unit from white larger molecules/ polymers are made

-glucose+ galactose

-made up of straight chains of Beta glucose -chains joined by H bonds -forming a structure called micro fibrils which provide strength and rigidity

-insoluble so don’t affect wp of cell -large molecules so can’t leave through cell surface mem -highly branched so ends can be easily hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration -Helical/spiral shape so compact

-gkyco alpha glucose cellulose beta glucose -glycogen high key branched whereas cellulose has straight chains -glycogen has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosiydic bonds whereas cellulose only has 1-4 -cellulose ha straight chains and glycogen is coiled

-insoluble so dosent affect water potential of cell -large so cant cross cell surface mem -branched so makes molecule compact -polymer of alpha glucose so provides glucose for repositation -highly branched providing more ends for faster hydrolysis of glucose for resp

Long and straight chains Chains linked by H bonds Prvidee strength and rigidity to cell wall!!!!

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose Joined by glycosidic bonds Branched due to 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

-hydrolysed to glucose -which is used in resp

-link long straight chains together forming microfibrillis -hydrogen bonds are strong in large numbers