C1.2 HL The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
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What does the ETC do?
Transfers electrons through carriers, pumping protons into the intermembrane space. Keywords: proton pumping.
What produces the proton gradient?
Energy released from electron transfer. Keywords: H⁺ gradient, active transport.
What is chemiosmosis?
Passive flow of H⁺ through ATP synthase, driving ATP formation. Keywords: proton motive force.
How many ATP come from NADH and FADH₂?
NADH ~2.5 ATP, FADH₂ ~1.5 ATP. Keywords: difference due to entry point.
Why is oxygen essential in the ETC?
Acts as the terminal electron acceptor, allowing electrons to continue flowing. Keywords: prevents ETC “backup”.
What forms at the end of the ETC?
Water (O₂ + e⁻ + H⁺). Keywords: reduction of oxygen.