Hydroxy - incomplete

Alcohols have -OH grp NOT directly attached to a benzene ring (sp3 C) Phenol have -OH grp directly attached to a benzene ring (sp2 C)

CnH2n+1OH

Primary - 1 R grp on the C that -OH is attached to Sec - 2 R grp on the C that -OH is attached to Ter - 3 R grp on the C that -OH is attached to

Alcohol bp is much higher than those of alkanes of similar no. of e- Reason: Larger amt of energy is needed to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonds b/w the alcohol molecules than the weaker (id-id) dispersion forces b/w the alkane molecules

• Length of alkyl chain: bp increases as alkyl chain increases. Reason: Size of the e- cloud increases as the length of the alkyl chain increases. More energy required to overcome the stronger idid forces b/w alcohol molecules • Branching: Branching of carbon skeleton lowers bp Reason: Molecules become more spherical and compact. Lower SA for e- clouds and id-id forces are weaker • No. of -OH grps: bp increases with increase in no. of -OH grps Reason: Leads to more extensive Hydrogen bonding. Increases the bp of alcohols.

• no. of -OH grps • no of e (check no. of C) • branching

Alcohols more soluble than alkanes as they are able to form H bonds with water However, solubility decreases as the no. of C atoms increases as the the hydrocarbon portion is np and as the C chain increases: • id-id interactions b/w alcohol molecules becomes stronger and predominant • Np hydrocarbon chain interferes with hydrogen bonding b/w H2O and alcohol molecules BUT increase in no. of OH- grps increases no. pf H bonds the alcohol can form in water -> more soluble E.g.: The presence of -OH grps allows the molecule to form extensive H bonding with water. This releasees sufficient energy to compensate for the energy needed to break the H bonds in pure water and in pure sucrose. Hence, sucrose is soluble in water.

Miscible with most org solvents - as the hydrocarbon portions cans interact with the hydrocarbon portions of other org solvents via idid interactions. Act as solvents to dissolve water soluble substances eg KOH, KCN and org substances - as it has polar -OH grp and a np hydrocarbon chain

Alkenes -------> alcohols ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION R&C: - Lab method Step 1: cold conc H2SO4 Step 2: H2O and heat OR - industrial preparation H2O(g)/conc H3PO4, 70atm, 300°C Halogenoalkanes —–> alcohols NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION R&C: NaOH(aq), heat Carboxylic acids, aldehydes & ketones ——> alcohol REDUCTION carboxylic acid —-> 1° alcohol LiAlH4 in dry ether Aldehyde —-> 1° alcohol LiAlH4 in dry ether OR NaBH4 OR H2, Ni, heat Ketone —-> 2° alcohol LiAlH4 in dry ether OR NaBH4 OR H2, Ni, heat

Source of hydride ions (H-) LiAlH4 is such a strong reducing agent that it can react with water H- + H+ —-> H2 LiAlH4 & NaBH4 do not reduce C=C, but H2, Ni, heat does

Combustion Rctns involving fission of C-O bond • > Substitution of -OH by -X • dry HX and heat • PX3 • PCl5 • SOCl2 • > Dehydration/elimination • excess conc H2SO4, heat • Al2O3 or H3PO4, heat Reactions involving fission of O-H bond • > reaction with Na • > condensation • RCOOH, conc. H2SO4, heat/heat under reflux • RCOCl, rm temp Oxidation • > oxidation of 1° ROH to aldehydes • K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation • > oxidation of 1° ROH to RCOOH • K2Cr2O7(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat under reflux • KMnO4(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat under reflux • > oxidation of 2° ROH to ketones • KrCr2O7(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat under reflux • KMnO4(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat under reflux Tri-iodomethane rctn - I2(aq), NaOH(aq), heat

CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) –heat–> 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) With a gd supply of air, alcohols burn with a pale blue (non-luminous) flame to give CO2 and water With a limited supply of air, alcohols burn with a yellow (luminous) flame and some soot is also formed.

Nucleophilic substitution R&C: