Principles of Practice
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practice • definitions • continued practice helps…
acquisition of a skill/task through repetitive performance of that skill/task dedicated effort toward improving upon a skill continued practice helps shape, retain, and develop a motor skill
practice is the _____ phase of motor learning
acquisition phase
what is the most important factor in retaining motor skills
amount of practice
training vs practice
training -aimed at improving physiological function and physical proficiency practice -aimed at learning decision-making skills and motor execution skills -improving mental performance, tactics, strategies, team play, and motor skill
underlying principles of practice
it is not good enough to simply practice something over and over and over -practice does not make perfect -perfect practice does not make perfect errors need to be made for learning to occur -subject learns how to solve the motor problem with self-generated solutions
principles of experience-dependent plasticity
use it or lose it use it and improve it specificity repetition matters intensity matters
specificity -what does it mean
nature of training determines the nature of the plasticity
use it or lose it
failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation
use it and improve it
training that drives specific brain function can lead to enhancement
repetition matters
induction of plasticity requires repetition
intensity matters
induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
principles of experience-dependent plasticity pt. 2
time matters salience matters age matters transference interference
time matters
different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training
salience matters
the training experience must have sufficient meaning to the learner to induce plasticity
age matters
training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains
transference
plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors
inferference
plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with acquisition of other behaviors
practice domains
structure schedule spacing components rehearsal optimal task difficulty
structure -different options
constant vs variable
schedule -different options
blocked vs random
spacing -different options
massed vs. distributed
components -different options
whole vs. part
rehearsal -different options
physical vs. imagery
practice structure -constant vs variable
constant: practice the same skill in the same condition - closed environment variable: practicing the skill while varying parameters of the skill - relative components of skill - relative timing of the skill - relative displacement/velocity and force of the skill - relative environmental conditions