L9 - Marine Mammals and Whaling
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What are the 4 groups of marine mammals?
• Cetaceans • Pinnipeds • Sirenians • Carnivora
What are the 3 species of Monk Seal and which is extinct?
• Hawaiian Monk Seal • Mediterranean Monk Seal • Caribbean Monk Seal – Extinct!
In what year, was the Hawaiian Monk Seal designated as endangered?
1976
Give 4 threats facing the Hawaiian Monk Seal
• Predation by Sharks • Low Pup Survival • Entanglement • Ciguatera intoxication
What is the most common species of seal?
Crabeater Seal
Give 4 threats facing the Mediterranean Monk Seal
• Hunting • Bycatch • Entanglement • Habitat Loss
What are the 2 species of seal found in UK coastal waters?
• Grey Seal 2. Harbour Seal
What are the main threats to UK coastal seals?
Commercial fishing, pollution, entanglement, ingestion of plastic and uptake of power station waters from the US
What is the main cause of death from Phocine Distemper Virus?
Secondary Infections
What species of seal is in competition with the Atlantic Cod fisheries?
North Atlantic Harp Seal
Which pinniped is in competition with pollock fisheries?
Steller Sea Lion
What are the 2 main carnivora?
• Polar Bear 2. Sea Otter
What are the 4 species of sirenians?
• West Indian Manatee • West African Manatee • Amazonian Manatee • Dugong Dugong
How much seagrass does a sirenian eat each day?
15kg/day
What are the 2 main threats to sirenians?
• Habitat Loss 2. Boat Collision
Give 3 conservation efforts that are in place to protect sirenians
• US Fish and Wildlife Service • Florida Manatee Trust • Shark Netting Programmes in Queensland, AUS
What are the 5 main threats to cetaceans?
• Whaling • Bycatch from Fisheries • Competition for Food • Cetacean Decompression Sickness • Noise Pollution
Give 2 examples of cetaceans the are difficult to study
• Snubnose Dolphin (~1000) 2. Spade Toothed Whale (Only seen 5 Times Ever!)
Give 3 additional issues other than whaling
• Japanese Near-Shore Cetacean Hunts • Bycatch • Noise Pollution and Impacts on Echo Location
What does CCAMLR stand for?
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Life Resources (1982)
How much is a Patagonian tooth fish sold for as a Chilean Sea Bass?
$1000/fish
How many tonnes of krill are consumed by crabeater seals, whales and birds?
Crabeater Seals: 120 mT/Year Whales: 130 mT/Year Birds: 120 mT/Year
How many tonnes of krill are commercially fished each year and which 3 nations are responsible?
300,000 tonnes/year Japan, Korea and Russia
How dense are the swarms of krill in Antarctica?
10,000 individuals per metre squared