Chapter 11
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What 3 factors affect agriculture?
Temperature Water Light
What are the importance of suitable temperatures?
Length of thermal growing season Frost-free period Impact on evaporation Biochemical reactions Thermoregulation
What field locations can affect temperature?
Low lying areas South-facing slopes Frosts in orchards Transparent woven plastic Livestock can be kept warm by shelters
Why is light important?
Photosynthesis Longer days increase milk production Poultry grow best with short days but more eggs are produced with long days Some livestock mate when the days are shorter
How can light be controlled?
Artificial light
Why is water important?
Physical functions Nutrient absorption Used to transport materials Needed to replace lost water Gaseous exchange
3 ways water supply can affect crops?
Amount Reliability Quality
Whare are 2 problems caused by waterlogged soils?
Higher risk of fungal disease Anaerobic soils
What methods are used to reduce water soil levels?
Excavation of drainage ditches Drainage pipes Deep ploughing Avoidance of soil compaction Provision and conditions to encourage worms
What methods are used to increase water availability?
Irrigation Soil mulching Suitable conditions for worms Adding soil organic matter
How are soil nutrients made available in the soil?
Legumes Soil bacteria Crop rotation
What do organic fertilisers include?
Faecal materials Animal food production Plant food wastes
What are the 2 nutrient application methods?
Cultural methods Mechanical application
What is hydroponics?
Growing of plants in a nutrient solution
What are the advantages of hydroponic production?
No soil so more appealing Pathogens can't live in the soil Increased growth rate Nutrients are available so are not limiting No weeds
What are the disadvantages of hydroponic production?
Involves high input of nutrients Involves high skill level
How can aeration be controlled?
Ploughing Low tillage methods Addition of organic matter Removing livestock from wet fields
How can soil pH be increased and reduced?
Increased - adding crushed lime Decreased - spreading sulphur powder
What are the 4 topography factors?
Aspect Frost pockets Runoff rate Use of machinery
What is the relief and how does it impact crops and livestock?
Altitudes Crops - increased evaporation Livestock - some species are adapted to high altitudes
What problems can wind velocity cause?
Increased soil erosion Increased evaporation Crop damage
How can pests affect agriculture?
Predators Compete for resources Pathogens Carry pathogens Reduce marketability
What is crop rotation?
Rotating crops so pests have to cultivate a different area each year
What are companion crops?
Crops that are grown together to increase productivity