Topic 7

Include: * epidermis * dermis * fat * glands * hair follicles

Include: * regulation of body temperature * protection and immunity * sensation * excretion * synthesis of vitamin D.

Limit to: * the brain stem * the diencephalon * the two hemispheres of the cerebrum * the cerebellum.

Limit to: * frontal lobe * parietal lobe * occipital lobe * temporal lobe * limbic lobe.

Include: * the major arteries * brachiocephalic trunk (right and left common carotid artery) * right and left internal and external carotid artery * the blood-brain barrier

The brain obtains energy using glucose and oxygen, which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells. Glucose and oxygen are used to make ATP inside the brain by the process of aerobic respiration. Carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous. If blood entering the brain has low glucose or oxygen levels, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and loss of consciousness may occur

Include brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum and cerebellum. * Brain stem—respiratory and cardiovascular control centres. * Diencephalon – Thalamus—perception of sensations ( p a i n , t e m p e r a t u r e , p r e s s u r e) ; cognition. – Hypothalamus—control of autonomic nervous system (ANS), heart rate and blood pressure, pituitary gland, body temperature, appetite, thirst, fluid and electrolyte balance, circadian rhythms. * Link to topic 8: The endocrine system, pineal gland. * Cerebrum—responsible for high-level brain functions such as thinking, language and emotion, and motivation. The function is divided into three broad processes. 1. sensory (receiving sensory impulses) 2. association (interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response) 3. motor (transmit ting impulses to effectors). Although the lobes do not function independently, each lobe is associated with certain aspects of the following processes. * Frontal lobe—many aspects of association such as reasoning and motivation, planning, emotions and problem-solving. Also contains the speech and movement motor areas. * Parietal lobe—somatic sensory and motor areas linked to movement, body awareness, orientation and navigation. Also contains symbolic and speech association areas. * Occipital lobe—visual sensory and association centre. * Temporal lobe—auditory sensory and association area; many aspects of long-term and visual memory. * Limbic lobe concerned with association processes such as emotion, behaviour, motivation and long-term memory. Cerebellum * Helps to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions. * Regulates posture and balance. * Makes possible all skilled motor activities, from catching a ball to dancing.