antibodies and the immune system
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immune system
our collect ability to ward off damage or disease through our defences
types of immunity
innate or nonspecific immunity adaptive or specific immunity
innate/nonspecific immunity (3)
present at birth both first and second line of defences no specific recognition of invaders, no memory component
adaptive/specific immunity
involves specific recognition of invaders with a memory component highly specific responses are carried out by lymphocytes
how the innate and adaptive immunity work together
innate immune system activates phagocytes with engulf the microbe and process it into parts these parts activate the adaptive immune response which recruits T cells which actively target the specific pathogen
do we rely on our innate or adaptive immune system to protect us during the first critical hours and days of exposure to a new pathogen
innate immune system
first line of defence (immune system)
physical and chemical barriers
what responses do the second line of defence (immune system) make
cell-intrinsic responses - where an individual cell recognises an infection and takes measures to kill or cripple the invader
examples of physical barriers
skin and mucous membranes - epidermis, mucous membranes, nose hairs and cilia
cell-intrinsic responses - define interferons and complement
interferons - signalling proteins produced by immune cells infected by viruses complement - proteins that enhance certain immune reactions (by causing cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis and contributing to inflammation)
cytolysis
dissolution or disruption of cells by an external agent
cell mediated defences - 2 types of killer cells
phagocytic cells - neutrophils and macrophages natural killer cells
how does the innate immune response know what to attack?
binding with specific ligands to activate
how is antibody mediated response triggered
B cells transform plasma cells making antibodies
what cells do cell mediated immune responses rely on
T cells
antigens
substance capable of eliciting an adaptive immune response
2 key characteristics of antigens
immunogenicity reactivity
antigen immunogenicity
ability to provoke immune response
antigen reactivity
ability to react specifically with antibodies it provoked
epitopes are
specific portions of an antigen that is recognized and bound by the receptors of the adaptive immune system an antigen typically has multiple epitopes
lymphocytes and where they are developed
cells of immune system that develop in the thymus and bone marrow,
what is the thymus and bone marrow combined called
central lymphoid organs
secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, tonsils and appendix
what stem cells are lymphocytes developed from
pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow