Genetics

Characteristics are features such as eye or hair colour, well traits are variations of these characteristics, such as brown vs blue eyes

No, as some traits may be shown by the resistance against a certain bacteria, like how some Jack Pines resist drought better than others, and some Magpies can fly longer distances

The transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next

Characteristics that can be passed on from parent to offspring Ex: Eye colour, hair type, skin colour

Characteristics that cannot be passed on from parent to offspring Ex: dyed hair colour, coloured contacts, ear piercings

A discrete variation is a variation that is an either/or. Ex: White or purple flowers on a specific plant, earlobes are attached or not

A variation that comes in a range of forms, is not one or another Ex: average height of adult human ranges from 1.2m to 2.1m

Yes. Sun exposure, soil acidity, and a number of other factors can affect the variations. Ex: two identical plants, one in sunny window other in dim closet. One thrives, other dies

When you breed two chihuahuas, the pups get a complete ‘blueprint’ for a chihuahua from the DNA, well mixed breeds have two different blueprints which result in more variance of the characteristics

Genes are: uninterrupted segments of DNA Which contain: instructions for specific characteristics And they are responsible for: the inheritance of these characteristics

*Genes are located on chromosomes *Each chromosome contains many genes *Like chromosomes, genes come in pairs *Gene pairs have matching positions on paired chromosomes *Both genes in a pair have the DNA instructions for a characteristic *The DNA in paired genes may not be identical, so it may produce different traits or variations of a characteristic

An allele is the genetic code for a specific trait or variation of a characteristic

A gene contains the code for a specific characteristic, well an allele contains the code for a specific trait or variation of that characteristic. A gene pair may have the same genes but different alleles.

A punnet square is a square that is divided into a grid in order to show the different combinations of genes and their results. If dominant and recessive traits line up, do Dominant will show over recessive. Mom - recessive (tt) trait 1 trait 2 ——————— | | | Dad - dominant + recessive (Tt) | Tt | Tt | Trait 1 ——————— | | | trait 2 | tt | tt | ——————— 50/50 chance of dominant or recessive

Black fur= dominant trait white fur= recessive trait A pure bred black cat (BB) with a pure bred white cat (bb) Will have only black kittens. This is because: Black cat __B____B__ Bb|Bb| b White cat Bb|Bb| b All have dominant trait, no chance of white

Black fur= dominant white fur= recessive In the case that both cats are black with recessive white gene (Bb), there is a 1 out of 4 or 25% chance of a white kitten. This is because: Black cat with recessive __B____b__ BB|Bb| B black cat with recessive Bb|*bb| b 50% have black with recessive 25% have pure black 25% have pure white

Recessive genes- can be passed down, but don’t appear when paired with dominant gene. More rare variations. Ex: white fur Dominant genes- will show above recessive genes, more common variations. Ex: Black fur

Black fur= dominant White fur= recessive There is a 1 out of 2 or 50% chance of a white kitten. This is because: Black cat with recessive __B____b__ Bb|bb| b White cat Bb|bb| b 2 out of 4 possibilities result in white fur.

Mr. Koroluk having lost the battle of genetics twice, with 2 blonde kids. Mr. Koroluk: mom is brown haired(dominamt gene), dad is blonde(recessive gene), Bb His wife: both genes are blonde, bb Punnet square: Mr. Koroluk B b Bb|bb| b His wife Bb|bb| b 50/50 chance of blonde or brown hair, both kids are blonde.