introduction to dosage forms
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the five steps involved in the drug discovery process
discovery and screening lead optimization ADMET clinical trials NDA approval
pharmaceutics
a branch of pharmaceutical science that deals with the design, formulation, manufacture, and evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
dosage forms
the means by which drug molecules aredelivered to sites of action within the body.
why do we need dosage forms
To deliver Accurate dose of drug Protection from gastric juice Masking taste and odour Placement of drugs within body tissues Controlled release medication Optimal drug action. Insertion of drugs into body cavities. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs
semisolid dosage forms of drugs include?
creams ointments
name 10 dosage forms of medications
tablets capsules emulsions injections infusions suspensions powder lozenges gums gels creams ointments inhalers (powder,aerosol) O2 therapy lotions pastes patches
example is vitamin c describe lozenges
also known as troches or cough drops, are a type of solid dosage form designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are commonly used for local treatment of conditions in the oral cavity and throat.
drugs that are administered parenterally are typically in what physical state
liquids
parenteral drug administration
refers to the administration of medications by injection directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract
which parts of the body are these terms related to; ophtalmic otic
to the eyes to the ears
there are 2 components of dosage forms
the actual drug the excipients
excipients
refer to the non-medicinal components or substances that are included in a pharmaceutical formulation along with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to create a final drug product.
examples of excipients. Try to remember what some of these excipients do
Lubricants (e.g. stearates) Glidants (e.g talc) Binders (e.g. PVP) Disintegrants (e.g. starch) Diluents (Fillers) (e.g. lactose) Flavouring agents Colouring agents, etc…
capsule types of capsules(description)
a medication in a gelatin container. Hard-shelled capsules: normallyused for dry, powdered ingredients Soft-shelled capsules: primarily used foroils and for active ingredients that aredissolved or suspended in oil.
solutions may contain a range of excipients, true or false
true
suspension
a two-phase system in which solid drug particles (internal phase) are uniformly dispersed in a suitable vehicle (external or continuous phase)
solutions are heterogeneous, true or false
false, they are homogeneous
homogeneous mixture heterogeneous mixture
is a type of mixture in which the components are uniformly distributed throughout the entire mixture, and there is a consistent composition at the molecular or microscopic level. a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture
could be oil in water or water in oil emulsion
A pharmaceutical emulsion is a two-phase system in which drug isuniformly dispersed (dispersed phase) as small droplets in a suitablevehicle (continuous phase)
cream
Creams are viscous semisolid emulsions designed for external use. They contain a mixture of water and oil, stabilized by emulsifying agents
ointment
Ointments are semi-solid preparations that are typically anhydrous (water-free) and consist of a base that is predominantly an oil or a blend of oils. Ointments are thicker, more viscous, and greasier than creams.
when is isotonicity reached isotonicity is typically modified using
Isotonicity is reached when the osmotic pressure of a solution is equal toits environment Nacl