Organic synthesis
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What is the order of priority when naming molecules
Cool Angry Elephants Act Awfully Naughty After Kicking All Angry Animals Highest priority Carboxylic acid > Anhydride > Ester > Acyl chloride > Amide > Nitrile > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Amine Lowest priority
What temperature are hydrocarbons heated to in a fractional distillation column
350 degrees C
What are the conditions for thermal cracking
1000 degrees C 70atm
What are the conditions for catalytic cracking
450 degrees C Zeolite catalyst Moderate pressure (150kPa)
What is the name of the mechanism whereby hydroxide ions react with a halogenoalkane using an aqueous solvent
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the conditions required for the substitution reaction of hydroxide ions with a halogenoalkane
Warm aqueous NaOH Carried out under reflux
What is formed when hydroxide ions react with a halogenoalkane using an aqueous solvent
An alcohol
What is formed when halogenoalkanes react with cyanide ions
Nitriles
What are the conditions required for the reaction of cyanide ions with a halogenoalkane
Warm ethanolic potassium cyanide Carried out under reflux
What are the conditions required for the reaction between ammonia and a halogenoalkane when the desired product is an amine
Heat with concentrated ethanolic ammonia Must have excess ammonia
What is produced when ammonia reacts with a halogenoalkane
An amine and an ammonium ion
What is the name of the mechanism where hydroxide ions react with a halogenoalkane using an ethanol solvent
Elimination
What are the conditions required for the elimination reaction between hydroxide ions and a halogenoalkane
Hot ethanolic concentrated sodium hydroxide Carried out under reflux
When reacting NaOH with a halogenoalkane, when do we form an alcohol
When water is used as the solvent
What occurs in the initiation stage of the formation of chlorine radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone
Sunlight (UV) breaks down the C-Cl bond in a CFC producing 2 radicals which react with ozone molecules
What 2 equations occur in the propagation stage of the formation of chlorine radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone
1- Cl radical reacts with O3 to form a ClO radical intermediate and O2 2 - ClO radical reacts with more O3 to make O2 and a Cl radical (reformed so is a catalyst)
What occurs in the termination stage of the formation of chlorine radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone
Two Cl radicals react to form Cl2
Does a higher temperature encourage elimination or substitution for the reaction between OH- and halogenoalkanes
Higher temperatures encourage elimination
Does a higher concentration of OH- encourage elimination or substitution for the reaction between OH- and halogenoalkanes
Higher concentrations favour elimination.
What mechanism can alkenes undergo when they react with an electrophile
Electrophilic addition
What is the test for alkenes
When we add bromine water, if alkenes are present, a colour change will occur from brown/orange to colourless
What do we form when we add bromine to an alkene
A dibromoalkane
By what mechanism does bromine react with an alkene
Electrophilic addition
What is formed when an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide
Halogenoalkanes