Lecture Week 7 2024 Cereal Variety Selection 1
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What is a suitable variety ?
• variety with a suitable combination of characteristics or genes which confers on it the capacity to fully exploit the favourable aspects of the production environment • suitability is ‘dynamic’ over time
How do you create Varieties? 1-First Stage – Initial Parental Cross 2-First Generation – F1 (hybrid) 3- Then successive generations grown for selection F2 to F6
Breeder
How do you create Varieties? 1- F7-F9 – plot trials 2- F10 / F11 Recommended list trials
1- Breeder / Seed House 2- Seed House
What is a new variety protected by?
A new variety is legally protected by Plant Breeders Rights (IP) and this is primarily earner through certified seed which brings a royalty income
Plant breeding: Year 2 (F1) Year 3 (F2) Year 4 (F3) Year 5 (F4) Year 6 (F5) Year 7 (F6) Year 8 (F7) Year 9-11 (F8-F10) Number of plants for each year? Action?
Year 2 (F1)- 50-100 Bulk and space plant F1 Year 3 (F2)- 2,000-3,000 Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate Year 4 (F3)- 2,000-3,000 Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate Year 5 (F4)- 2,000- 3,000 Bulk and plant at commercial seeding rate Year 6 (F5)- 3,000- 5,000 Space plant; select superior plants Year 7 (F6)- 300-500 Select and establish family rows from plants or heads Year 8 (F7)- 30-50 Conduct preliminary yield trials Year 9-11 (F8-F10)- 10 Conduct advanced yield trials And then… cultivar release (slide 6 for reference)
New variety development- Barley 1- What’s the estimated ,market requirement? 2- List the 6 steps in order to develop a new variety onto the market:
1- Estimate market requirement 20 years 2- Choose parental combinations and cross • Single plant and small plot selection -private yield and agronomic trials -Official yield, agronomic and quality trials -National listing and recommendation
When does seed purification occur New Variety Development (Barley)?
Year 1 - one plant Year 6 - 100 tonnes min - 6 years
How long does seed multiplication take?
Seed Multiplication (max. 2 years)
When Choosing a Variety what do you need to take into account?
1* Variety suitability for local needs – Irish conditions : cool moist climate – can be unique market requirements : malting barley / food grade oats 2* Use Recommended List – Very reliable independent testing for 2-3 years 3* Seek Consultant / Teagasc advice – Second opinion / expert experience 4* Grow more than one variety – ‘ don’t have all your eggs in one basket’ 5* Change varieties for fields – varieties have unique genetics : strengths / weaknesses etc
For wheat what was the winter wheat recommended list in 2023 (7) Relative Yield of them?
Costello- 95 Graham- 104 JB Diego- 97 Spearhead- 104 SY Insitor- 103 Torp- 103
For wheat what was the winter wheat recommended list in 2024 (7) Relative Yield of them?
Belfry- 105 KWS Cassia- 98 KWS Infinity- 97 KWS Joy AU*- 105 KWS Tardis- 104 LG Casting- 98 SY Armadillo- 109
For wheat what was the winter wheat ptovisionally recommended list in 2024 (2) Relative Yield of them?
Bordeaux- 98 Molly**- 102
For spring what was the spring barley recommended list in 2023 (6) Relative Yield of them?
Gangway- 98 Geraldine- 104 RGT Planet- 102 Skyway- 105 SY Amity- 104 SY Errigal- 102
For spring what was the spring barley recommended list in 2023 (2) Relative Yield of them?
Gretchen- 103 Rockway- 104
Why grown new improved varieties ?
• To increase cereal production under specific environmental conditions • To use (exploit) genetic improvement • Yield is the more important trait • Many other key traits / agronomic ratings also
What scale is there for new improved varieties?
The 1-10 scale, ‘high’ rating = 7-8, moderate rating = 5-6, low rating = (2)3-4
Studies on Cereal Yield Increase over time:
• In Wheat per annum (1970-1990) it was 2% ‘golden era’ – 1% technical – 1% genetic • In wheat in the decades through the 20th century (from cv. Little Joss to cv. Norman it was 0.5% per annum genetic improvement
What are the main reasons of the crop improvement?
• Agronomy. • Breeding. • Technology.
what is the Crop improvement in wheat underpinned by?
Underpinned by the Recommended List variety testing program
1- What is the Yield Increase due to? 2- What was it based on? 3- What is the biological efficiency of this?
1- due to change in harvest index – 35% to 50%+ – i.e. from a grain: straw ratio of 35:65 to now approaching 55:45 2-* based on change in straw length – semi-dwarfing genes / semi-dwarf varieties 3-* biologicial efficency is the same
Harvest index what does it do? ?
Gives an indication of the relative size of the grain yield (economic) to the rest of the plant (biological)
What does yield =?
YIELD= BIOMASS x Harvest Index
Two main breakthroughs on technology? (2)
• PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction). • DNA markers—Genotyping sequencing.
Yield Trends in Barley (winter and spring) why have they increased in yield?
Increase due to Variety 5-year average yield (slide 20)