Polymers
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What is a condensation reaction?
Occurs when two molecules react together to form a single molecule. Often a water molecule or hydrogen chloride is eliminated.
How are esters formed?
When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together in a condensation reaction that removes a water molecule.
What are condensation polymers usually made from?
Two different monomers each of which has two functional groups. Both functional groups react forming long-chain polymers.
Give 3 examples of condensation polymers.
Polyesters Polyamides Polypeptides
What ester linkage does polyester have?
-COO- repeated over and over again.
How are polyesters made?
From diols which have two -OH groups and also dicarboxylic acids which have two carboxylic acid -COOH groups.
What is Terylene (PET)?
A polyester made from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol.
When is an amide formed?
When a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine.
What is difference between polyalkenes, polyamides and polyesters?
Polyesters and polyamides can be hydrolysed and are biodegradable whereas polyalkenes aren’t.
What amide linkage do polyamides have?
-CONH- repeated over and over again.
What are polyamides made from?
Two different monomers, a diaminoalkane (two amino groups) reacting with a dicarboxylic acid (two carboxylic acid groups)
What are nylon and kevlar?
Condensation polymers. (Polyamides)
What is nylon-6,6 made from?
1,6-diaminohexane and hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid.
How can the formation of nylon-6,6 be sped up?
If a diacyl chloride is used rather than the dicarboxylic acid and in this case hydrogen chloride is eliminated (hazardous HCl fumes formed). Using the dicarboxylic acid would require an acid catalyst and would only give an equilibrium mixture.
What is nylon-6,10 made from?
1,6-diaminohexane and decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid.
What is kevlar made from?
Benzene-1,4-diamine and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.
What is kevlar’s strength due to?
The rigid chains and the ability of the flat aromatic rings to pack together held by strong intermolecular forces.
What is kevlar used in?
Bullet proof vests and anti-stab clothing. Also oven-gloves.
What are polypeptides also known as?
Polyamides
What are polypeptides made from?
A single amino acid monomer or many different ones.
What groups are present in an amino acid?
An amine group and a carboxylic acid group.
Where does a peptide bond form between two amino acids?
The amine group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another. A water molecule is removed.
What is an amide linkage formed between amino acids also known as?
A peptide link
What is the opposite of condensation?
Hydrolysis