C5 Monitoring and Controlling Chemical Reactions
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What is atom economy
The atom economy is a measure of how many atoms in the products make up the desired product.
What is the formula used to calculate atom economy
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦= (Sum of 𝑀𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡/Sum of 𝑀𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡s) x 100
What factors should be considered when making a substance?
Yield of the product Atom economy Usefulness of bi-products Rate of reaction Equilibrium position if reversible
What is Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum possible mass of desired products you can make from a given mass of reactants.
What is percentage yield
The percentage yield is the amount produced compared to your theoretical yield
How do you calculate percentage yield ?
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑= (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 yield) / (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) 𝑥 100
The equation for concentration
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏= 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕/𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Give units for concentration
g/dm3 or mol/dm3
What pieces of equipment are needed to carry out a titration
Burette, volumetric pipette, pipette filler, conical flask, white tile, clamp and stand, indicator.
What are concordant titre values
When the titre values are within 0.10 cm3
What is molar volume
1 mole of any substance in the gas state occupies the same volume at the same temperature and pressure At room temperature and pressure (RTP) this volume is 24dm3 or 24000cm3
Write down the gas equations
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)= (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑑𝑚3))/24 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑑𝑚3 )=𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑥 24
What is rate of reaction
Measure of how quickly reactants are used or products are formed
Give formulae for measuring rate
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= (𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑)/𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= (𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑)/𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
What has to happen in order for a reaction to happen between 2 particles
The reacting particles need to collide The collision needs to have enough energy (more than the activation energy) so that the particles will then react (bonds will break etc)
Predict what will happen in terms of collisions if we increase the temperature of a reaction
The number of collisions increase because the particles are moving more quickly. The percentage of collisions which are successful increases because all the particles have more energy
What is a catalyst?
A substance that increases the rate of the reaction but remains unchanged at the end. They provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
What is a reversible reaction
A reversible reaction is one in which the products are able to react with each other to change back into the reactants without any additional changes
Give an example of a reversible reaction
CuSO4.5H2O ↔ CuSO4 + 5H2O
What is the equilibrium position
The position of equilibrium is related to the ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants
State if true or false for the following: At equilibrium reactants are still reacting to make products. At equilibrium you always have equal amounts of reactants and products. Equilibrium always happens at the same point no matter the conditions. When you decrease the concentration of the reactants the equilibrium point will be closer to the left. Equilibrium can only be reached in a closed system.
At equilibrium reactants are still reacting to make products TRUE At equilibrium you always have equal amounts of reactants and products FALSE Equilibrium always happens at the same point no matter the conditions FALSE When you decrease the concentration of the reactants the equilibrium point will be closer to the left TRUE Equilibrium can only be reached in a closed system TRUE
What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?
Any change made to a reaction which is in equilibrium, will result in the equilibrium position moving to minimise the change made
What factors might change the position of equilibrium?
Temperature Concentration Pressure
What is dynamic equilibrium
The forward and backward reactions still happen and concentrations of all the reacting substances remain constant