Cellular Pathology

-Physical trauma -Ischemia/hypoxia -Chemical agents >poisons -Infectious agents -Immunological reactions -genetic defects -nutritional imbalances

• Number • Size • Phenotype • Metabolic Activity • Function

Physiological Pathological

e.g. hormone-induced enlargement of breast during pregnancy

• Hypertrophy • Hyperplasia • Atrophy • Metaplasia

• Increased size of cells • Increased size of organ -happens when cells are used more(mechanical signals)

-Increased number of cells -Increased organ size -epithelial cells over prelipilating -can be caused by drug called phenytoin used to treat epilepsy

-Reduced size of Cells -Reduced size of Organ -Diminished function but not dead, caused by decreased work load through: Loss of innervation; Diminished blood supply; Inadequate nutrition; Loss of endocrine stimulation; Ageing; Reduced protein synthesis (due to reduced metabolic activity), increased protein degradation -

• Reversible change in phenotype • Replaced by a cell type which can better withstand the adverse environment

• Cell swelling • Swelling of organelles • Lipiddeposition • Detachmentofribosomes • Lossofmicrovilli • Clumpingofchromatin • Surface blebs

• lysosomalenzymerelease • Proteindigestions • Severe cell swelling • Membranedamage • Mitochondrial vacuolation • Nuclear changes

• fattychange • vacuoles • cloudyswelling • Membraneblebbing • Necrosis • Nuclear changes • ERswelling • lossofribosomes • loss of specialised membrane structures • myelinbodies • condensation of mitochondria • vacuolisation of mitochondria