Emotion
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In what two ways are emotions expressed?
• visceral motor responses - stereotyped somatic motor responses
What are the higher order neural centers that coordinate emotional responses?
• limbic system • includes amygdala and several cortical frontal lobe areas • concerted action of diverse brain regions constitutes an emotional “motor” system
Forebrain areas that process emotional signals also mediate?
• goal-directed behaviours • interpretation and expression of social behaviour • rational decision making • moral judgement
When are forebrain areas that process emotional signals subject to maladaptation?
• when exposed to drugs of abuse - when genetics or experiences promote psychiatric illness
What did Duchenne identify about emotion and muscles?
• he found some muscles that are not easily controlled voluntarily • indicates there are two pathways
What are the two types of facial paresis?
• voluntary facial paresis (pyramidal) - emotional facial paresis (extra pyramidal)
What are the two pathways for facial movement?
• volitional movement (descending pyramidal and extrapyramidal projections from motor cortex and brainstem) • neural systems for emotional expression (descending extrapyramidal projections from medial forebrain and hypothalamus)
What are the functions of the lateral and medial parts of volitional movement?
• lateral: fine control of distal extremities - medial: posture, proximal extremities
What are the functions of the lateral and medial parts of emotional expression?
• lateral: specific emotional behaviours - medial: gain setting, rhythmical reflexes
Where do the lateral and medial parts of both volitional movement and emotional expression synapse?
• lateral: motor neuron pools - medial: motor neuron pools and brainstem reticular formation
What motor neuron pools do the lateral volitional movement and emotional expression innervate?
• motor neurons of cranial nerve nuclei and ventral horn - autonomic preganglionic neurons
The motor neuron pools activated by volitional movement and emotional expression result in what actions?
• muscle contraction and movement - activation of smooth muscle and glands
What parts of the brain are considered to be Broca’s limbic lobe? What is the function?
• cingulate gyrus • parahippocampal • olfactory bulbs and cortex included at this time • originally thought to be olfactory, now ascribed to processing emotion
What parts of the brain are now considered to be limbic?
• orbital and medial prefrontal cortex • cingulate gyrus • parahippocampal gyrus • amygdala
What areas of the brain are no longer considered to be essential components for processing emotion?
• mammillothalamic tract • anterior nucleus of the thalamus • mammillary body • hippocampus • not needed to ascribe emotional meaning to stimuli
What areas of the brain are considered to be essential components for processing emotion??
• ventral basal ganglia • hypothalamus • amygdala • mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
How do the amygdala, mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, ventral basal ganglia, and orbital and medial prefrontal cortex interact?
ventral basal ganglia –> mediodorsal nucleus orbital and medial prefrontal cortex amygdala –> ventral basal ganglia AND mediodorsal nucleus
What are the three groups that make up the amygdala?
• medial group • central group • basal-lateral group
What inputs does the media group of the amygdala receive?
• olfactory bulb and pyriform cortex
What inputs does the central group of the amygdala receive?
• hypothalamus and brainstem
What inputs does the basal-lateral group of the amygdala receive?
• orbital and medial prefrontal cortex - associational cortex of temporal lobe
What part of the amygdala is the output to the medial dorsal nucleus, ventral basal ganglia and orbital and medial prefrontal cortex?
• basolateral nulclei
In general terms, what does the amygdala link?
• cortical regions that process sensory information with hypothalmic and brainstem effector systems
How is the basolateral amygdala modulated?
• by indirect feedback coming from the ventral basal ganglia via mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and orbital and medial prefrontal cortex