Chapter 2 and 3 Powerpoint

First Step To know something because one has seen, heard, or experienced it before

Second Step Placing things into groups according to their basic characteristics The process of placing an object within a similar group of objects Exclusion is just as important as inclusion

A demonstration that two objects do not have a connection, relationship, or association

Third Step demonstration that an item is unique, even among members of the same class, or that two separate objects were at one time a single object/had a common source or origin

Last Step the process of putting together the evidence available with the objective of understanding the nature and sequence of events that created it involves using physical evidence and the analyses on that evidence to understand the events that produced that same evidence

Bloodstain pattern analysis Patterns in area where body was found Patterns in area where body was suspected to be moved from Nature of the wounds on body Other physical evidence left behind (casings, weapons, clothing)

Two or three dimension surfaces on evidence produced by tearing, cutting, breakage, and other processes Cutting v tearing Physical match

material that is laid down or left behind by a physical process NOT A DIRECT TRANSFER Examples: dust on a dresser, blood pattern on floor or wall, cast off pattern on ceiling,pollen on vehicle

two dimensional representation of an object left in some sort of medium when it has come into contact with a hard surface (blood, dust, paint, dirt)

three dimensional representation of an object when it has been impressed into a soft receiving surface (sand, snow, mud)

result of a hard surface being marked by a hard object in motion along that surface motion results in parallel/nearly parallel lines on the hard surface toolmarks

Resolve disputes enforce order

sufficient reason based on known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime

Use of polygraph to determine whether the defendant was being truthful Court did not allow results Test is not reliable

Concerned with morning sickness drug that may have caused birth defects Court issues guidelines for deciding the admissibility of scientific evidence in court determines judge acts as gatekeeper when applying the criteria/guidelines for admitting the evidence

subjected to significant testing generally accepted (Frye Criterion) Subjected to error rate analysis Peer reviewed

An individual whose training, knowledge, or experience, makes him/her a specialist in a subject and is deemed as qualified to give opinion testimony in a legal setting

processing and analysis requires a systematic approach

Crime Scene: civilian vs. sworn Laboratory Analysis Investigations/Interviews/Interrogations/ Arrests

emergency medical personnel patrol officers fire department

establish a perimeter around the scene to keep unnecessary individuals (news reporters, public, other department personnel) from entering and contaminating the scene

Outer perimeter: news reporters and public Middle Perimeter: staging area for crime scene/detectives, etc. Inner Perimeter: surrounds immediate area (should have officer with crime scene log posted here)

Initial Walk Through What are the • sights? • smells? • sounds? • weather conditions

photography video written notes sketches