Reactivity 1.1 And 1.2 Additional

Open - exchanges energy and matter with the surroundings Closed - only nerdy is exchanged with the surroundings Isolated - nothing can be exchanged

Rate of heat loss is constant Density of all solutions is the same as water Ignore the specific heat capacity of the container

It’s an average of bonds in different molecules All substance need to be in gaseous form

Bond length - shorter bonds tend to be stronger (higher enthalpy) Polarity - electron distribution in a bond, influencing overall bond strength depending on electronegativity difference

States that the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route taken

Enthalpy change when 1.00 mol of a substance is formed from its elements in their standard states, under standard conditions

Is when 1.00 mil of an ionic compound is decomposed into its ions in gaseous state under standard conditions

Enthalpy change when 1.00 mol of gaseous atoms gains 1.00 mol of electrons to form 1.00 mol of gaseous ions with a 1- charge, under standard conditions

Is the enthalpy change when 1.00 mol of gaseous atoms are formed, under standard conditions

When fuels are burnt in excess oxygen

Are derived from biomass that was once alive. There is a net 0 CO2 output unlike fossil fuels

A method to create a current from the reaction hydrogen and water or methanol and water. Climate friendly As fuel enters the cell is becomes oxidised which sets up a potential difference or voltage within the cell

Fossil fuels are the remains of creatures and plants that lived millions of years ago 3 main types are coal, natural gas and crude oil