Organic Mechanisms AS
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Oxidation of primary alcohol Mechanism, reagents, observations etc.
H
Oxidation of secondary alcohols Mechanism, reagents, observations etc.
H
Oxidation of tertiary alcohols
Cannot occur
Two methods of alcohol production Give equations for both Give conditions for both
-Fermentation of sugars(glucose) C6H12O6 —> 2CH5OH + 2CO2 Conditions: -Anaerobic -25 - 35 Degrees Celsius -Presence of yeast -Hydration of ethene C2H4 +H2O —> C2H5OH Conc. phosphoric acid catalyst, H2O as steam
Hydration mechanism
Reagents: -concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst -steam(water vapour) Adds H2O molecule to the reactants
Processs of esterification
Alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid Acid catalyst used
Mechanism for radical substitution Reagents and conditions required
Conditions: • UV light • High temperatures
What is meant by fractional distillation?
The separation of different hydrocarbons from crude oil by distillation due to different boiling points of each fraction
How does a pi bond form/what is a pi bond?
The overlapping of adjacent p orbitals Atoms cannot rotate freely around the pi bond
What is a sigma bond?
A covalent bond formed due to the overlapping of adjacent p-orbitals. Atoms can rotate freely around sigma bonds
Conditions and info about hydrogenation
Conditions: • Hydrogen gas • Nickel catalyst
Dehydration of alcohols
• Phosphoric acid/sulfuric acid catalyst • H2O molecule is taken • C = C double bond will form
Different tests for organic products
Carboxylic acid - React with Sodium Carbonate - Effervescence occurs