A1.2 Nucleic Acids
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What is the genetic material of all living organisms?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.
What genetic material can some viruses have?
RNA or DNA, but viruses are not considered living.
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
What type of reaction links nucleotides into polymers?
Condensation reaction (releases water).
What bond forms the sugar–phosphate backbone?
Covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar (3′–5′ linkage).
What is the sugar in DNA vs RNA?
DNA: deoxyribose. RNA: ribose.
How many strands does DNA have?
Two antiparallel strands.
How many strands does RNA have?
One strand (single-stranded).
What bases pair together in DNA?
Adenine–Thymine, Guanine–Cytosine.
What bonds hold base pairs together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds.
How many H-bonds are between A–T?
Two
How many H-bonds are between G–C?
Three
What does “antiparallel” mean in DNA structure?
The two strands run in opposite directions (5′→3′ vs 3′→5′)
What is complementary base pairing?
Specific hydrogen bonding between A–T and G–C.
Why is complementary base pairing important?
Ensures accurate DNA replication and correct transcription.
Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?
Between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands.
What is the main structural difference between DNA and RNA bases?
DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil instead.
Compare DNA and RNA length.
DNA is longer (millions of bases), RNA is shorter.
Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus (also mitochondria and chloroplasts).
Where is RNA found?
Nucleus and cytoplasm.
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
How does DNA store hereditary information?
In the sequence of nitrogenous bases.