Chapter 1 Vocabulary
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Anti-bonding Molecular orbitals
A high-energy molecular orbital resulting from the destructive interference between atomic orbitals
Atomic orbital
A three-dimensional plot of ψ2 of a wavefunction. It is a region of space that can accommodate electron density.
Aufbau principle
A rule that determines the order in which orbitals are filled by electrons. Specifically, the lowest energy orbital is filled first.
Bent geometry
A geometric arrangement for three atoms connected to each other (such as H−O−H) in a nonlinear fashion.
Bonds
A strong force of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule or crystal, resulting from the sharing or transfer of electrons
Bonding Molecular orbitals
A low-energy molecular orbital resulting from the constructive interference between atomic orbitals.
Constitutional Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the way the atoms are connected.
Constructive interference
When two waves interact with each other in a way that produces a wave with a larger amplitude.
Covalent bond
A bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Debye
A unit of measure for dipole moments, where 1 debye = 10 − 18 esu ⋅ cm.
Degenerate
Having the same energy.
Degenerate orbital
Orbitals that have the same energy.
Divalent
An element that forms two bonds, such as oxygen.
Dipole moment (µ)
The amount of partial charge (δ) on either end of a dipole multiplied by the distance of separation (d): μ = δ × d
Dipole-dipole interactions
The resulting net attraction between two dipoles.
Electron density
A term associated with the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of space.
Electrostatic potential maps
A three-dimensional, rainbow like image used to visualize partial charges (δ) in a compound.
Electronegativity
the degree to which an element tends to gain electrons and form negative ions in chemical reactions
Formal Charge
A charge associated with any atom that does not exhibit the appropriate number of valence electrons.
H. O. M. O.
The Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.
Hund’s Rule
When considering electrons in atomic orbitals, a rule that states that one electron is placed in each degenerate orbital first, before electrons are paired up.
Hybridization
A mathematical procedure in which standard atomic orbitals are combined to form new, hybrid orbitals
Hydrogen bonding
A special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is connected to an electronegative atom.
Hydrophilic
A polar group that has favorable interactions with water.