C5

The mass of the product that is made in a chemical process

The maximum amount of mass that is possible to be made from the given mass of reactants

Basically a reacting masses question: 1. From mass find mols 2. Find mols of desired thing through stoichometry 3. Convert back from mols to mass Will be answered in grams

(Actual yield ➗theoretical yield)✖️100

🟢transfer loss of substance 🟢reaction may not go to completion 🟢reaction may react in a different way than planned

How many atoms in the reactants form a desired product

(Sum of Mr of desired products➗sum of Mr of all products)✖️100 BALANCING NUMBERS ARE INCLUDED

🟡percentage yield 🟡atom economy 🟡rate of reaction 🟡usefulness of by products 🟡wether it is a reversible reaction

Cm^3: dm^3 1000:1 10cm =1dm

Concentration (mol/dm^3 ) = amount in mass/mols➗volume in dm^3

➗molar mass

🔶biruete clamped using a glass clamp 🔶volumetric pipette to measure alkali 🔶Then put into a conical flask 🔶using a funnel put the acid in the biruette, read the bottom of the minniscous and place the set up on the floor to get at eye level 🔶take out the funnel and add indicator (phenolphthalein)in the conical flask, should be pink 🔶add the acid while swirling when it turns colourless , stop the tap. Repeat 3 times -Dripwise 🔶initial - final = titre

To find the concentration of the acid or alkali

1) find mols 2) do the stoichemetry 3) convert back to concentration Mols = volume ✖️concentration

How quickly products are formed/reactants used. Amount of products are formed/reactants used.➗time taken

(A conical flask with a rubber bung attached to the gas syringe) 🔹measure a known volume of acid 🔹add known mass of other solute 🔹measure the volume of gas every 30s 🔹repeat with different concentrations of acid 🔹repeat using the same temperature

At the beginning a steep gradient because more reactant particles means more successful collisions. A flat line towards the end means that the reaction has stopped. The gradient measures the rate of reaction

Do change in y ➗ change in x for

At the point draw a tanget. Then calculate the gradient of this tangent.

🟡increases rate of reaction as particles hold move more quickly and so would collide more frequently. 🟡 these colliding particles would also have the activation energy or more 🟡therefore leading to successful collisions

Draw a black cross on a piece of paper and place beneath a transparent beaker. Place the reactants in the beaker and start timing , stop it when the black cross is no longer visible. Calculate the rate by doing 1➗time

Concentration =how much solute is dissolved in the solvent 🟣 more crowded particles 🟣 more collisions per second 🟣due to rate of collisions increasing , the rate of successful collisions increases

🟣more particles per unit of volume (in the gas state the particles become more crowded ) 🟣more collisions per second 🟣as rate of collisions increases the rate of successful collisions increases

🟣smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area 🟣more particles are exposed (more reactant particles are available for collisions) 🟣higher frequency of collisions. 🟣due to increased frequency of collisions, there is an increased frequency of successful collisions