Week 2 - Intro to Pharmacology
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What are the 3 different drug names?
• Generic • Chemical • Trade
What is the Generic name?
The official name listed in publications and used for prescribing (eg. Paracetamol)
What is the chemical name?
Describes the chemical composition (eg. N-acetyl-p-aminophenol)
What is the trade name?
Marketed name (eg. Panadol)
Define the term pharmacodynamics
• The effect of the drug on the body (what the drug does to the body) The study of the interaction between a drug and its molecular target and the pharmacological response
Define the term pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug and how the body affects a specific drug after administration
Define the term agonist
Binds to and activates receptor producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor
Define the term antagonist
Binds to and deactivates receptor (stops the receptor from producing a response)
Name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes in correct sequence
• Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Excretion
Describe Absorption
Refers to the passage of medications from the site of administration into the blood. Several factors influence how quickly a drug is absorbed.
Describe Distribution
Refers to the movement of the drug from the blood to the body’s tissues
Describe Metabolism
• The process of chemical modification of the drug. • Mostly carried out by enzymes in the liver • Results in a more water soluble compound which can be excreted by the kidneys • The liver is the primary metabolism site (can occur in Kidney, lung, intestine)
What do drugs need to be, to be able to be excreted?
Hydrophilic
Describe Excretion
The removal of the drug from the body
Why is assessment of the renal function important?
The kidneys excrete the majority of drugs
What are some factors that will influence Absorption?
• Route of delivery • Ability of the medication to dissolve • Blood flow to the area of absorption • Body surface area • Lipid solubility of the medication
What are some factors that will influence Distribution?
• Cardiac function • Tissue binding • The drug is first distributed to areas of high blood supply • Capillary permeability • Plasma protein binding
What are some factors that influence Metabolism?
• Genetics • Age • Disease status • Environmental factors (eg. Diet)
What are some factors that influence Excretion?
• Pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body (Fast-pass metabolism) • Intrinsic drug properties, (such as polarity, size, or pH) • Genetic variation among individuals
State five ways that drugs can be excreted
• Bile • Faeces • Expired air • Sweat • Breast milk
Explain hepatic first pass effect
• Orally administered drugs travel first through the portal system and liver before entering the systemic circulation • A variable amount of drug may be extracted before entering the systemic circulation (reducing the bioavailability) this means that not all of the drug absorbed will circulate around the body
Explain drug bioavailability
The proportion of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation intact - Drugs delivered intravenously have 100% bioavailability