Ions & Bonding
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define atom
the smallest unit of matter that retains its properties
what are the 3 subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons and electrons
how is the mass number calculated?
number of protons + number of neutrons
how is the number of neutrons calculated?
mass number - atomic number
how is the atomic number calculated?
number of protons
define isotopes
variations of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
what subatomic particle affects the chemical properties of an element?
electrons
do the physical properties change depending on the different isotopes of an element?
yes
what physical properties vary between isotopes?
masses densities mpt / bpt
how is the average mass of an element calculated?
isotope 1 (abundance x mass/ 100) + isotope 2 (abundance x mass/100)
Define ion
charged atoms or molecules
which is positive and which is negative; cations and anions
cations are positive and anions are negative
Define bonding
the forces between particles that cause them to stick together
Define structure
the 3D arrangement of particles as a consequence of bonding
Define lattice
a repeating pattern of particles
Define discrete
individual particles not arranged in a pattern
Define allotropes
different structural forms of the same element (same chem. properties, different physical properties)
Halogens exist as…
diatomic molecules held together by a single covalent bond
What are the predicted properties of halogens?
• low mpt (weak IMFs) • do not conduct • soluble only in oil-like substances
What is the standard state color (aq) of: F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂
F₂ : (g) pale yellow (aq) colorless Cl₂ : (g) pale green (aq) pale yellow Br₂: (l) red/brown (aq) orange I₂ : (s) grey (aq) brown/orange
What is the relationship of mpt from F₂ - At₂
mpt inscreases from F₂ to At₂ because the particles get bigger and there is a larger surface area (more IMFs)
Test 1 for halogens (damp blue litmus paper and starch)
Cl₂ damp blue litmus→red→white Br₂ damp blue litmus→red→white (slow) I₂ starch→blue/black
Test 2 for halogens (hexane test)
Cl₂ hexane→colorless Br₂ hexane→orange I₂ hexane→pink
Cl₂ + H₂O→ Br₂ + H₂O→
HCl + HOCl HBr + HOBr