3 - Energy Systems
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List the Macronutrients List the Micronutrients
Macronutrients • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Fat (lipids) • Water Micronutrients • Minerals • Vitamins
Functions of Carbohydrate
Functions of Fuel for your body Energy storage (short term)
Functions of Fat
Fuel storage Hormones Cell storage
Functions of Protein
Structure Storage Enzymes Muscle building blocks
Functions of Water
Excretion Lubrication Transport Medium for reactions
Functions of Minerals
Mineralization of bones and teeth Blood oxygen transport Defense against free radicals Acid base balance
Functions of Vitamins
Energy release from macronutrients Immune function Eyesight
Chemical composition of the glucose molecule
1:2:1 or C6H1206 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule
hexagon (6 sides) with each corner being a “c” apart from one which is an “o” then lines come off the corner go to H and HO
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of glucose is made from one molecule and is easily absorbed.
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides form Disaccharides with the loss of one molecule of water. Examples: glucose, fructose and galactose
Polysaccharides
These are molecule chains longer than 10 molecules
Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
When a Monosaccharide links together with a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharides by the removal of a water molecule.
Triglycerides and where they’re found
Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the blood. Our bodies convert any calories we don’t need right away into Triglycerides. Triglycerides are stored in fat cells. Found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
Composition of a Triglycerol
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated fats
Maximal number of hydrogen atoms on each carbon atom. Only contain single bonds between carbon atoms. • no double bonds • come from animal sources • solid at room temperature Examples: • chicken • pork • tropical oils
Unsaturated fats:
Two hydrogen ions are missing, form double bonds between two carbon atoms. • double bonds between atoms • Liquid at room temperature • Come from plant based foods Examples: • Cashew • Nuts • Avocado • Sunflower oil
State the chemical composition of a protein molecule
Carbon :1 Hydrogen :1 Oxygen :1 Nitrogen:1
Essential amino acid:
CANNOT be made by the body, they must come from food.
Non-essential amino acid:
are produced by the body
Current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet
• Fruit and vegetables take up about 1/3 of the food you eat a day • Starchy foods make up about 1/3 of the food.
State the approximate energy content per 100g for certain foods
Carbohydrates – 1760 kj per 100g Proteins – 1,720 kj per 100g Fats – 4,000 kj per 100g
Discuss the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non athletes
Athletes require more energy than normal individuals as they require more energy, climates can also effect calorie intake. A person may need 1,000kj more up to 7,000kj (dancing) more (long distance cycle races, endurance tasks). For prolonged aerobic exercise they rely on energy from carbohydrates thus their intake must be increase to replenish glycogen systems, reduce rapid fatigue but not too high so the fat intake is reduced as this is the substitute when glycogen runs out. The use of body protein in exercise is small but it is needed for recovery from aerobic prolonged exercise.
Metabolism
All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions.