Exam 1

Measurement of resoution, distinguishing objects separation at small differences.

Abbe equation

measure of angle of cone of light entering objective lens. as numerical aperture increases, resolving power increases, limit of res. decreases

space between objective and object being viewed

enhances resolving power, immersion oil enables best refractive index

Plasma, Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, platelets

water, inorganic salts, organic matter, gases, proteins, antibodies

White blood cells, Consist of granulocytes, agranulocytes

Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils

Monocytes, lymphocytes

rarest leukocyte, many dark granules

common leukocyte, multilobed nucleus, small granules

rare, dark, figure 8 nucleus, distinctly dark red

large nucleus, no granules

large bean nucleus, small granules

small fragments

Polychromatic stain made from eosin and methylene blue that helps to visualize blood based on ionic charge. Eosin is negatively charged, so it stains positive components like hemoglobin, eosinic granules, and proteins. Methylene blue stains DNA and RNA. Both components stain neutral components.

Determines DNA fragment size of unknowns by using restriction enzymes to make known fragments. DNA electrophoresis separates DNA fragments to allow for comparison, and unknown fragment sizes can be determined from the known fragment sizes.

Circular DNA, 1-200kiloBP. can be manipulated with molecular cloning and cut with restriction enzymes.

Virus that infects bacteria, 48KBP. Can be cut by bacterial restriction enzymes with DNA as a protection mechanism.

DNA fingerprinting and molecular cloning. Can be used to determine any fragment size of DNA

restriction enzyme, cuts GAATTC

charged particles, movement medium(like buffer and agarose gel), and an electric field.

negative, phosphate groups