infection and response
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whats a communicable disease?
a disease caused by a pathogen that can spread from one organism to another.
what are the main pathogens?
virus,bacteria,protist,fungi
how does disease spread?
-air droplets -body fluids -contaminated surfaces e.g. flu
whats bacteria spread by?
-contaminated food/water -air droplets -physical contact e.g. salmonella
what are protists spread by?
vectors (organisms carrying disease)
whats fungi spread by?
-contact with infected plants -water e.g. rose black spots
whats a pathogen?
a microorganism that causes disease
How bacteria and viruses reproduce & make you ill?
Bacteria -reproduce quickly -produce toxins that damage cells/tissues virus -invade body cells -use the cell to make more viruses
how to reduce the spread of disease?
-good hygiene -hand washing -vaccination -cooking food properly
how is salmonella spread?
-eating contaminated food -poor food hygiene -undercooked food
whats the symptoms of salmonella?
-fever -stomach cramps -vomiting -diarrhoea
how to reduce the spread of salmonella?
-vaccine meat -cook food thoroughly -good kitchen hygiene
whats the cause of gonorrhoea?
a bacterium
whats the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
-pain urinating -thick yellow/green discharge
how to treat gonorrhoea?
antibiotics
how to reduce the spread of gonorrhoea?
-contraception -treat infected people
what do vaccines contain for them to be effective?
dead/inactive pathogen that stimulates the wbs to produce antibodies
whats herd immunity?
When most people are vaccinated, disease spread is reduced because there are fewer people to infect.
how can some pathogens have antibiotics resistance?
they mutate so the antibiotic is less effective e.g. MRSA
what do painkillers do?
Painkillers reduce symptoms like pain or fever but do not kill pathogens.
why are viruses difficult to treat?
they reproduce inside of cells
where are traditional medicines from?
plants/microorganisms e.g. penicillin-mould asprin- willow bark digitalis-foxgloves
who discovered penicillin?
alexander fleming
what are preclinical trials tested on?
cells/tissues/animals